PINTURAS Y ESCULTURAS DEL BARROCO EN ESPAÑA

 1.1  PINTURAS DEL BARROCO                                                                                                                  La pintura barroca española es aquella realizada a lo largo del siglo XVII y primera mitad del siglo XVIII en España. La reacción frente a la belleza en exceso idealizada y las distorsiones manieristas, presente en la pintura de comienzos de siglo, perseguirá, ante todo, la verosimilitud para hacer fácil la comprensión de lo narrado, sin pérdida del «decoro» de acuerdo con las demandas de la iglesia contrarreformista. La introducción, poco después de 1610, de los modelos naturalistas propios del caravaggismo italiano, con la iluminación tenebrista, determinará el estilo dominante en la pintura española de la primera mitad del siglo. 

            Más adelante llegarán las influencias del barroco flamenco debido al mandato que se ejerce en la zona, pero no tanto a consecuencia de la llegada de Rubens a España, donde se encuentra en 1603 y 1628, como por la afluencia masiva de sus obras, junto con las de sus discípulos, que tiene lugar a partir de 1638. Su influencia, sin embargo, se verá matizada por la del viejo Tiziano y su técnica de pincelada suelta y factura deshecha sin la que no podría explicarse la obra de Velázquez. El pleno barroco de la segunda mitad del siglo, con su vitalidad e inventiva, será el resultado de conjugar las influencias flamencas con las nuevas corrientes que vienen de Italia con la llegada de los decoradores al fresco Mitelli y Colonna en 1658 y la de Luca Giordano en 1692. A pesar de la crisis general que afectó de forma especialmente grave a España, esta época es conocida como el Siglo de Oro de la pintura española, por la gran cantidad, calidad y originalidad de figuras de primera fila que produjo.

1.2 ESCULTURAS DEL BARROCO

           La temática tratada es casi exclusivamente religiosa, para iglesias, conventos y para las procesiones de Semana Santa. Sólo en el ámbito de la Corte se realiza la escultura monumental. Los temas mitológicos y profanos están ausentes. También se realizan retablos, donde aparecen figuras exentas y en bajorrelieve. Destaca con mucho la imaginería, siendo el material más utilizado la madera, siguiendo la tradición hispana. En estas obras se utiliza la técnica del estofado y la policromía. Se procura una gran verosimilitud, calificada habitualmente de "realismo" o "naturalismo"; las imágenes aparecen con todo tipo de postizos, cabello natural, ojos y lágrimas de cristal y ricas vestiduras de tela real. La finalidad de estas esculturas es provocar una profunda emoción religiosa en el espectador.

En la escultura barroca española se distinguen dos escuelas principales, la escuela andaluza y la escuela castellana.

      En la escuela castellana, centrada en Valladolid y Madrid, se presenta una escultura tremendamente realista, cuyas señas de identidad son la talla completa, el dolor y la crueldad con abundancia de sangre, profundo dinamismo, caricaturización de los personajes malvados, intenso modelado y unos rostros con fuerte expresividad. Escultores de esta escuela son Francisco del Rincón, el gallego Gregorio Fernández (1576-1636), Juan de Ávila, su hijo Pedro de Ávila, Luis Salvador Carmona (todos ellos pertenecientes al ámbito vallisoletano) y Juan Sánchez Barba (que trabajó en Madrid).

             En cambio, en la escuela andaluza, con focos en Sevilla (escuela sevillana), Granada (escuela granadina) y Málaga (escuela malagueña), se huye de la exageración, la idealización, predomina la serenidad y las imágenes bellas y equilibradas con un modelado suave. Los grandes escultores de esta escuela son Juan Martínez Montañés, Alonso Cano, Pedro de Mena, Fernando Ortiz, José de Mora, Pedro Roldán, su hija Luisa Roldán (la Roldana), Juan de Mesa, José Risueño, Bernardo de Mora, Andrés de Carvajal y Pedro Duque y Cornejo.

 

                              

REALIZADO POR: MAXI VERJANO SANTIAGO 

Y MANUEL SAYAGO JARAMILLO 

THE HABSBURG DINASTY

INDEX

1-THE EMPIRE OF CHARLES I
2-THE SPANISH OF PHILIPS II
3-ECONOMY AND SOCIETY IN THE 16TH CENTURY
4-THE DECLINE OF THE EMPIRE IN THE 17TH CENTURY
-PHILIP III  
-PHILIP IV
-CHARLES II
5-ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IN THE 17TH CENTURY
 

1-THE EMPIRE OF CHARLES I
1.1. HEIR TO AN EMPIRE

Charles V^[a] (24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles I, of the Spanish Empire from 1516 until his voluntary abdication in favor of his younger brother Ferdinand I as Holy Roman Emperor and his son Philip II as King of Spain in 1556.

Charles was born as the eldest son of Philip the Handsome and Joanna the Mad in the Flemish city  

Arms of Charles I added to those of Castile, Leon, Aragon, Two Sicilies and Granada present in the previous coat, those of Austria, Naples and Navarre are incorporated.

1.2. PROBLEMS WITHIN THE EMPIRE

• The revolt of the comuneros( 1520-1521) was an uprising of nobles, the bourgeoisie and the peasants of castile  against the king¨s economic policy.
• The revolt of the brotherhoods( 1521-1523) was an uprising of artisans and peasants in Valencia and Mallorca. The artisans wanted access to gobernment office and the peasants wanted better rental conditions.

1.3. PROBLEMS ABROAD

• He went to war with France ( 1525-1544) defeated the French army in the Battle of Pavia
• He fought the Turks ( 1529-1541)
• He confroted the German princes,who supported Lutheran reform

2-THE SPANISH EMPIRE OF PHILIP II 

2.1. PHILIP II¨s GOVERNMENT

In 1556, Carles I gave the title of Eperor of Germany and his Austrian territories to his younger son Fedinand. He gave the rest of his territories, which included Spain, to his older son Philip.
Philip II governed very differntly from his father.
Philip II extended the system of advisory councils.

PHilip II continued his father¨s fight against Protestantism.

2.2 FOREING POLICY

Philip II tried to maintain Spanish power in Europe and impose the Catholic religion.

• - Against the French, who he defeated in the Battle os Saint-Quentin ijn 1557.
•   
• - Against the Turks, who defeated in the battle of Leopanto 1571.
• - Against England, which supported the Protestants and attacked Spanish ships trading with America.
• - Against Flanders, which revolted against higyh taxes ans suffere because of the religius conflict.
•              When the king of Portugal died without an heir, Philip II annexed PORTUGAL.

3-SPANISH ECONOMY AND SOCIETY IN THE 16th CENTURY

3.1 THE ECONOMY

During the 16th century, large amounts os gold and silver were brought to spain from america.

An increase in the in the demand for goods from America led to growth in trade and cimmerce.

Most trade took place in castilian  cities and Atlantic ports, such as Seville.

Spanish and foreing traders brought goods from all over Europe to the Iberian Peninsula.

Most of the land belonged to the aristocracy or the Church and was used mostly for livestock farming.

3.2 SOCIETY

In the 16th century, the population of Spain increased, especially in Castile. The majority of the population continued to live in the countryside, and the cities had few inhabitans.

The privileged class was made up of noble and clergy , who owned most of the land . Eighty percent of the population were peasants , who paid taxes and had limited rights

                       

4-THE DECLINE OF THE EMPIRE IN THE 17th CENTURY.

4.1 PHILIP III:THE GOVERNMENT OF FAVOURITES

Monarch in the 17th century left governing to favourites, who became very powerful ministers. During his short reing, Philip III delegated power to the Duke of Lerma, who maintained peace abroad.

In 1609, Philip III ordered the expulsion of the moriscos from the Peninsula. 

                

              
                   

4.2 PHILIP IV: THE END OF EUROPEAN DOMINANCE

Philip IV appointed the Count-Duke of Olivares as his favourite. He wanted to maintain Habsburg dominance in Europe.

 This policy led to a war with France know as the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). The war ended with the signing of the Peace of Westphalia treaty in 1648.

In Andalusia the revolt was suppressed, but Portugal managed to separated from the Spanish Crown with support from England and France.

Catalonia also received help from the French. The war between Spain and France finally ended with the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659.

4.3. CHARLES II: CRISIS IN THE HABSBURG MONARCHY 

Spain experienced a period of crisis during the reign of Charles II, Spain last Habsburg monarch.

When Charles II died without an heir in 1700, the War of the Spanish Succession broke out between Philip of France's Bourbon dynasty and Charles of Austria. 

                        

5-ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CRISIS IN THE 17th CENTURY

 5.1.CRISIS IN THE CROW OF CASTILE

In the 17th century, there was a sharp decrease in the popultion og Castile because of emigration to America, wars, epidemics and the expulsion of the Moriscos.

As agricultural conditions worsened. Livestock farming also suffered.

Durig this period, industry and trade decreased significantly because of foreign competition.

While the nobles acquired more new property and other luxuries, the peasants, artisans and hidalgos struggled to survive the economic crisis.

5.2.THE CRISIS AND THE CROWN OF ARAGON

The crisis did not have the same effect on places like Aragon, which had not been central to American trade. In the 17th century, Aragon's more stable economy allowed new trading companies to appear, and silk textile industry also began.

                    
 

REALIZADO POR : Maxi Verjano Santiago 
y Manuel Sayago Jaramillo

OTHER EXPLORER

Vasco Núñez de Balboa (c. 1475 – around January 12–21, 1519^[1]) was a Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador. He is best known for having crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513, becoming the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New World.

He traveled to the New World in 1500 and, after some exploration, settled on the island of Hispaniola.

Amerigo Vespucci (Italian pronunciation: [ameˈriːɡo vesˈputtʃi]; March 9, 1454 – February 22, 1512) was an Italian explorer, financier,navigator and cartographer who first demonstrated that Brazil and the West Indies did not represent Asia's eastern outskirts as initially conjectured from Columbus' voyages, but instead constituted an entirely separate landmass hitherto unknown to Afro-Eurasians. Colloquially referred to as the New World, this second super continent came to be termed "America", deriving its namefrom Americus, the Latin version of Vespucci's first name.^[1][2]`

^{Ferdinand Magellan} 1480 – 27 April 1521) was a Portuguese explorer who organised theSpanish expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to 1522, resulting in the first circumnavigation of the Earth.

Born into a wealthy Portuguese family in around 1480, Magellan became a skilled sailor and naval officer and was eventually selected by King Charles I of Spain to search for a westward route to the "Spice Islands."

^{Juan Sebastián Elcano[1] (1476 – 4 August 1526) was a Spanish Basque[2] explorer[3][4] who completed the first circumnavigationof the Earth. After Magellan's death in the Philippines, Elcano took command of the nau Victoria from the Moluccas to Sanlúcar de Barrameda in Spain.}Elcano served as a naval commander of Charles I of Spain and took part in the expedition to thePhilippines. 

THE PRINTING PRESS

The Renaissance spread to Germany, France, England, and Spain in the late fifteenth and the sixteenth centuries. In its migration northward, Renaissance culture adapted itself to conditions unknown in Italy, such as the growth of the monarchical state and the strength of lay piety. In England France, and Spain, Renaissance culture tended to be court-centered and hence anti-republican. In Germany, no monarchical state existed but a vital tradition of lay piety was present was present in the Low Countries. The Brethren of the Common Life, for example, was a lay movement emphasizing education and practical piety. Intensely Christian and at the same time anticlerical (shades of what was to come!), the people in such movements found in Renaissance culture the tools for sharpening their wits against the clergy -- not to undermine faith, but restore its ancient apostolic purity.

Northern humanists were profoundly devoted to ancient learning but nothing in northern humanism compares to the paganizing trend associated with the Italian Renaissance. The northern humanists were chiefly interested in the problem of the ancient church and the question of what constituted original Christianity.

Two factors operated to accelerate the spread of Renaissance culture after 1450: growing economic prosperity and the printing press. Prosperity -- the result of peace and the decline of famine and the plague -- led to the founding of schools and colleges. In these schools the sons of gentlemen and nobles would receive a humanistic education imported from Italy. The purpose of such an education was to prepare men for a career in the church or civil service.

Sometime in the 13th century, paper money and playing cards from China reached the West. They were "block-printed," that is, characters or pictures were carved into a wooden block, inked, and then transferred to paper. Since each word, phrase or picture was on a separate block, this method of reproduction was expensive and time-consuming